Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Mental status
The mental state exam begins the moment the health professional meets the subject. The interviewer should make note of the person’s...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20221 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Psychological effects of torture
It would facilitate the recognition of physical consequences of torture if health profes- sionals were familiar with the physical...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20222 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Perianal examination
Perianal examination The examination of the patient alleging sexual torture is not technically different from a general anogenital...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20225 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Gynaecologic
Gynaecologic In many countries, acts of sexual violence are a common method of torture or inhuman treatment inflicted on women. It is...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20221 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Urological
Urological Severe beating to the kidney region may give rise to the development of haematoma in and/or around the kidney. In many cases,...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20221 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Gastrointestinal
Gastrointestinal Acute torture-related symptoms have been described after having a foreign body in- serted into the anus. Lesions of ...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20221 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Cardio-pulmonary
Cardio-pulmonary Certain types of torture particularly lead to pulmonary complications. Beatings to the chest may cause damage to the...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20222 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Neurological
Neurological Acute central nerve neurological problems are associated with severe beating to the head. Of 200 torture victims, 58% had...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20222 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Bones and joints
Bones and joints Beatings and falls can lead to fractures of bones. In the acute setting it is generally possible to diagnose a...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20223 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - lower limbs and feet
Lower limbs Scars on the knees and shins are common in many people, especially those who have played contact sports. Thus lesions in...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20221 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Ligaments
Exceeding the normal range of movement in a joint or loading the joint by traction, as in suspension and other types of positional...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20226 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Musculo-skeletal system
Complaints of musculoskeletal aches and pains are very common in torture survivors, immediately as well as later. They may be the result...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20222 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Chest, Back, Abdomen
Partial asphyxiation is very frightening for the victim and torturers have used many methods of causing it. These include putting plastic...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20221 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Upper limbs and hands
Small wounds to the backs of the hands can be caused by punching or being hit. Wounds on the backs of the forearm could be defense...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20221 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Ears
Repeated or hard slaps to the ear can damage the eardrum. However, the presence of scars in the tympanic membrane (ear drum) could also...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20221 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Oral cavity
Broken or missing teeth can be evidence of assault, but if the oral hygiene is generally poor, conclusively connecting broken teeth to...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20223 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Head and neck injuries
Bruises and scars on the scalp may be difficult to find, especially if the hair is thick. Bruises will usually be tender to touch. Head...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20221 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Eye injuries
Look for sub-conjunctival hemorrhages (bleeding in the white of the eye). Some victims/survivors may complain of soreness in the eye...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20221 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Face injuries
Injuries, scars, lesions etc. on the face can be particularly distressing because they are constant reminders of the torture. Injuries...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20222 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Electric shocks
Electric shocks are commonly used because they cause severe pain but may not leave identifiable physical signs. The equipment can be...
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