Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Urological
Urological Severe beating to the kidney region may give rise to the development of haematoma in and/or around the kidney. In many cases,...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20221 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Gastrointestinal
Gastrointestinal Acute torture-related symptoms have been described after having a foreign body in- serted into the anus. Lesions of ...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20221 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Cardio-pulmonary
Cardio-pulmonary Certain types of torture particularly lead to pulmonary complications. Beatings to the chest may cause damage to the...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20222 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Neurological
Neurological Acute central nerve neurological problems are associated with severe beating to the head. Of 200 torture victims, 58% had...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20222 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Bones and joints
Bones and joints Beatings and falls can lead to fractures of bones. In the acute setting it is generally possible to diagnose a...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20223 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - lower limbs and feet
Lower limbs Scars on the knees and shins are common in many people, especially those who have played contact sports. Thus lesions in...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20221 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Ligaments
Exceeding the normal range of movement in a joint or loading the joint by traction, as in suspension and other types of positional...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20226 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Musculo-skeletal system
Complaints of musculoskeletal aches and pains are very common in torture survivors, immediately as well as later. They may be the result...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20222 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Chest, Back, Abdomen
Partial asphyxiation is very frightening for the victim and torturers have used many methods of causing it. These include putting plastic...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20221 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Upper limbs and hands
Small wounds to the backs of the hands can be caused by punching or being hit. Wounds on the backs of the forearm could be defense...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20221 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Ears
Repeated or hard slaps to the ear can damage the eardrum. However, the presence of scars in the tympanic membrane (ear drum) could also...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20221 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Oral cavity
Broken or missing teeth can be evidence of assault, but if the oral hygiene is generally poor, conclusively connecting broken teeth to...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20223 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Head and neck injuries
Bruises and scars on the scalp may be difficult to find, especially if the hair is thick. Bruises will usually be tender to touch. Head...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20221 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Eye injuries
Look for sub-conjunctival hemorrhages (bleeding in the white of the eye). Some victims/survivors may complain of soreness in the eye...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20221 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Face injuries
Injuries, scars, lesions etc. on the face can be particularly distressing because they are constant reminders of the torture. Injuries...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20222 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Electric shocks
Electric shocks are commonly used because they cause severe pain but may not leave identifiable physical signs. The equipment can be...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 202215 min read
Clinical features associated with forms of torture - Skin
Different types of torture can lead to different clinical features which can vary with duration, frequency, intensity, underlying medical...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20221 min read
The terminology used by the HCP can give an idea of how likely torture is to have caused the symptom
Not consistent – the lesion/appearance could not have been caused by the torture method described Consistent with – It is possible that...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20221 min read
Interpretation of the clinical findings
Clinical or medical evidence is important as it can support the witness statement. It may not be conclusive of torture because in many...
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carindiachapter
Dec 18, 20221 min read
Sites of torture by police
Torture can occur in different places Police station Homes of the victim In police and non police vehicles In lodges In isolated open or...
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